事件犹太教约19 世纪初起（德国等地）并全球化From c. early 19th c. (German lands etc.), then globalized
改革派犹太教运动Reform Judaism Movement
19 世纪起中欧等地犹太教礼仪与神学现代化改革。H 轨：解放语境与教派分化；T 轨：改革派自我理解与正统派批评。Liturgical and theological modernization of Judaism from 19th-c. Central Europe. H-track: emancipation context and denominationalization; T-track: Reform self-understanding and Orthodox critique.