撒玛利亚（北国都城）Samaria (capital of the northern kingdom)

书目元数据用于说明论证来源；带页码或章节的引用优先显示，尚未细化者会明确标注。

H 表示用于历史论证，T 表示用于传统自我理解；“条目背景”和“专稿延伸”提供进一步阅读，不等同于逐句脚注。

1. [1] 《古代以色列的历史与史学：第一圣殿时期》Ancient Israel's History and Historiography: The First Temple Period — Nadav Na'aman (2006). Eisenbrauns
   条目背景H 史学论证专稿延伸
   H 史学论证定位：studies on the Omride kingdom, Samaria, and Assyrian chronology

   书目位置：论文集以考古、铭文、历史地理与文学批评重审第一圣殿时期史学；本记录对应2006年Eisenbrauns出版的明确卷册。A collected volume using archaeology, inscriptions, historical geography, and literary criticism to reassess First Temple historiography; this record identifies the 2006 Eisenbrauns volume.

   学术研究

2. [2] 《古代以色列与犹大史》（A History of Ancient Israel and Judah）A History of Ancient Israel and Judah — J. Maxwell Miller, John H. Hayes (2006). Westminster John Knox (2nd ed.)
   条目背景H 史学论证专稿延伸
   H 史学论证定位：chapters on the Omrides and the fall of the northern kingdom

   书目位置：英语世界常用的批判通史教材框架；对王国史料取文献批判+考古并读，适合作为 p02 叙事骨架（非最终定论）。Widely used critical survey textbook; reads biblical sources with archaeology for the monarchic period—scaffold, not final verdict.

   学术研究

3. [3] 米沙石碑（Mesha Stele / Moabite Stone）Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone)
   条目背景H 史学论证专稿延伸
   H 史学论证定位：Mesha Stele, lines 1–34

   书目位置：摩押王米沙铭文，提及与以色列的冲突及雅威；校正北国时期区域政治。Moabite royal inscription on conflict with Israel and Yahweh; disciplines northern kingdom regional politics.

   一级文献

4. [4] 《撒母耳记》—《列王纪》Samuel–Kings
   条目背景T 传统依据专稿延伸

   书目位置：T轨王国叙事主文本；H轨另以申命史学、铭文与考古校正阅读。《历代志》是另一个较晚的重写传统，不并入本书目。Main T-track monarchic narrative; H-track reads it through Deuteronomistic editing, inscriptions, and archaeology. Chronicles is a separate later rewriting tradition and is not bundled into this record.

   一级文献 · 直接定位待细化

5. [5] 《列王纪下》Anchor 注释（Cogan & Tadmor）II Kings (Anchor Bible; Cogan & Tadmor) — Mordechai Cogan, Hayim Tadmor (1988). Doubleday
   条目背景H 史学论证
   H 史学论证定位：commentary on 2 Kings 17–18

   书目位置：以亚述年代学与铭文对读列王纪下；前722、前701、前586 等节点的标准专业入口之一。Reads 2 Kings against Assyrian chronology and inscriptions; standard specialist entry for 722, 701, 586 nodes.

   学术研究

6. [6] 约瑟夫斯《犹太古史》《犹太战记》等Josephus (Antiquities, Jewish War, etc.)
   专稿延伸

   书目位置：第二圣殿末至罗马时期关键犹太史家；需批判使用（立场、修辞、年代）。Essential Jewish historian for late Second Temple–Roman era; use critically (bias, rhetoric, chronology).

   一级文献 · 延伸阅读

7. [7] 《古代以色列：我们所知与如何知道》（Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?）Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? — Lester L. Grabbe (2017). T&T Clark (rev. ed.)
   专稿延伸

   书目位置：方法论手册：证据等级、铭文、考古与圣经史料如何并用；适合标注「我们究竟能知道什么」。Method handbook on evidence grades—inscriptions, archaeology, Bible—ideal for stating what can actually be known.

   学术研究 · 延伸阅读

8. [8] 《从马加比到密西拿》（From the Maccabees to the Mishnah）From the Maccabees to the Mishnah — Shaye J. D. Cohen (2014). Westminster John Knox (3rd ed.)
   专稿延伸

   书目位置：第二圣殿末至密西拿时代的清晰通史教材；教派、机构与拉比化。Clear survey from late Second Temple to Mishnah era; parties, institutions, rabbinization.

   学术研究 · 延伸阅读

9. [9] 《帝国主义与犹太社会》（Imperialism and Jewish Society）Imperialism and Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. — Seth Schwartz (2001). Princeton University Press
   专稿延伸

   书目位置：从帝国整合与犹太社会形态讨论第二圣殿末至晚期古代；对哈斯蒙尼、希律与罗马时期社会结构极重要。Empire and Jewish social forms from late Second Temple into Late Antiquity; crucial for Hasmonean, Herodian, and Roman social history.

   学术研究 · 延伸阅读